SELF AND UNIT EVALUATION

The three aspects I am most proud of would be my compendium reviews and the exercise physiology lab.
Two aspects I would improve is taking more time on the quizzes and the food lab.
My overall grade should still average from a high B to a low A.
I could perform better the next time by merely being done on time.

UNIT EVALUATION

I felt most engaged by getting involved in taking my BP and pulse. I actually made all my husbands friends take their BP the other night after having a few beers. It was fun.
I don't think I really felt distanced from the course.
The PowerPoint presentations are helpful along with some website links.
Their were no confusing aspects from teacher or students.
I don't really think I was surprised by much. (Although I have been monitoring my BP for a couple of months and this unit really helped.)

WHAT IS FOOD? ESSAY

Today, food takes on a whole new meaning than it did, I don't know 50 years or so ago. Now we have things that are pre-packaged for convenience, or already cooked just needs to be warmed. Nobody, or few people, wonders where it is from or how it got here to the table. The obesity rate seems to be rising each and every year, we have drive-thrus that make it even easier and sometimes a lot unhealthier.

First of all, I love food. And yes I know how busy life can be and how awesome it is to have a lot of convenience in our lives like McDonalds for instance. So many things have changed over many, many years. Generations ago you never heard of "eating out" or TV dinners. Everything was fresh homemade and much better for you. There actually was a time when people grew or raised everything needed to make a good hearty meal. Where was obesity then? When people had to grow their own food they got a lot more exercise and pleasure growing their own sustenance. You took greater pride in "I grew that". Even today, in our own gardens do we not take greater pride in doing it ourselves.

Today, we have all kinds of processed foods, which yes are hard to get away from once you start using them. Whole foods are a lot healthier and taste a lot better. I am a busy mom of three and I know how life is so busy you don't think of some of the things that you are feeding your body. Reading the short article by Slow foods USA was awesome. It talked about taking pleasure in food, enjoying the taste, knowledge of where it came from and choice, where we get it. I will be honest I don't search out the farmers markets where I live, and sometimes they seem more pricey and it is not CONVENIENT. (There is that word again)

After reading some of these food articles it gave me new perspective on some of their ideas. Searching out farmers markets, just knowing where does my food come from. Is is healthy, does it taste good, and did I enjoy it? If we as a society take pride in what we put on the table we will become healthier and happier and our bodies will love us for it.

EXCERCISE PHYSIOLOGY LAB

In the following lab we will be testing metabolic rate and the effects of exercise on different readings. We will measure pulse rate, respiration rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The initial readings will be at rest and then we will read them after activities. These activities will include being at work, meditating at home and a brisk 6 minute walk.

My hypothesis for these tests are as follows. In both being at work and the 6 minute walk all metabolic readings will increase. In the meditating, the metabolic readings will either stay the same or hopefully, drop even if ever so slightly.

The methods and materials being used to test the metabolic rates are: Taking a radial pulse, using a portable, automatic blood pressure machine, and just counting the chest as it rises and falls for respiration rate.

Here is a picture of the blood pressure machine used for all BP readings.

Here is an example on how to take a radial pulse.

In the following pictures is my daughter demonstrating the activities, if I wanted somewhat good pictures this was the best way for me to go. You can also tell she looks sooo excited to be doing this. I do not have a picture of me at work but I will describe it to you. I am a CNA and this particular day I worked on the special care unit with about 20 residents and there was myself and one other person on the floor that day because other CNA's had called in sick. Hopefully, you understand a little of what this is, it was very stressful!(my blood pressure shows it.)

This is Danielle demonstrating the walking activity, she is very excited about it.

This is Danielle trying to meditate.

In the following graphs are all the results of this lab.

In the graph, there three at rest readings shown in blue and then the activities reading next to them. Work activity is in black, meditating is in red and walking is in green. The at rest reading before these individual colors are taken right before that certain activity.

This graph has respiration rate and it follows the same pattern as in the pulse rate graph.

This graph shows systolic rate, follow pattern as mentioned above.

This graph shows diastolic rate, follows pattern as mentioned above.

As for my hypothesis it was indeed correct. In the activity of going to work my blood pressure was 127/74 at rest and 140/80 after work. Pulse was 72 at rest and 84 after work. Respiration rates were 16 at rest 18 after work. While meditating my blood pressure was 127/74 at rest and 126/65 after meditating. Pulse was 72 at rest and 64 after meditating. Respiration rates were 16 at rest and 15 after meditating. While taking the brisk walk my blood pressure at rest was 112/74 and 131/77 after walking. Pulse was 82 at rest and 104 after walking. Respiration rate at rest was 16 and 20 after walking.

In conclusion, most activities will raise all the metabolic rate readings. If doing activities to relax and calm down all metabolic rates should drop a little or stay relatively the same. As you can see from my readings all metabolic rates went up in activities and drop slightly while relaxing to get the numbers back into a normal range. Increasing our metabolic rates gets our heart pumping and moving blood through our system a lot faster and helps our cells burn off calories and more fat etc. This is why people who are trying to diet need to exercise to increase their metabolism. Increasing our metabolic rates helps our bodies in lots of ways.

For some reason the pictures and text didn't want to cooperate, hope you get the idea!!

A DAY OF FOOD LAB

Food diary for 1 day.

I wouldn't say that this is very healthy. Although there were some healthy choices it also lacked in a lot of places. I found the food list hard to use because it didn't have exactly some of the foods I was looking for like granola bars. I didn't have pb&j, it was actually peanut butter and honey sandwich. I think I also had 2 hot wings but didn't locate them on the site.

The things I would change about this days eating and probably everydays eating would be more fruit and veggies, and some protein. I also think that this kind of nutritional tracking is great especially for someone who is trying to get on the right track with a healthier lifestyle and possibly to drop some pounds. If we see what we are eating it helps to change and cut out the high calorie, high salt and fat items. It puts things in perspective and cuts out some of the counting work for us.

I didn't look at the other website the daily plate until after I was done with the other. It seems to be a neat website for somebody who is trying to get healthier and lose weight and it tracks your goals and everything that is needed to be successful. I may actually try this site.

BLOOD PRESSURE LAB

Blood Pressure -
State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure.
Depending on the age group and gender highly affects your chances of having hypertension. Obesity and family history are also related.
Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.
Unhealthy diets would affect this because older age groups have had a lifetime to eat bad, maybe drink alcohol and/or smoke. High salt diets and lack of excercise. Chances also increase if there is family history.
How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?
The screen will test 10 individuals at a time in different age and gender groups. Take everybody's BP, add up all diastolic and systolic separately and then average the numbers for that group. Also, take family and medical history from every individual.
Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.
Most individuals with high blood pressure had obesity, and family history and poor lifestyle. Younger individuals, however, showed no signs of hypertension. Maybe because they are young, more active, and have not had lifetime to make unhealthy food choices.
Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?
Yes, it showed that obesity and family history have huge impact. Other factors are poor diet and lack of excercise.
During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?
Yes, overweight, poor diet, lack of excercise, family history.
List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?
Obesity and family history. Other factors include poor diet, lack of activity, gender and age.
What effect might obesity have on blood pressure? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?
Obesity would seem to make the heart work harder to pump more blood. Yes obesity alone can be a risk for an indiviual to have high blood pressure but does not guarantee them to get high blood pressure. Other factors that increase a person's risk would be family history, high salt diet, age, and gender.

In the graph it shows the comparison between systolic and diastolic and what the average is in different age groups.

In this picture the table has the average numbers of systolic and diastolic broken up by age groups and gender.

This picture of the table is the same as above except its the end part. Couldn't get all of it in one screen.

Compendium Review # 2 for unit #2

CHAPTER 8

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND NUTRITION

OVERVIEW OF DIGESTION

a. Ingestion, digestion, movement
b. Wall of digestive tract

FIRST PART OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

a. Mouth

b. Pharynx and Esophagus

THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

a. Stomach

b. Small Intestine

c. Obesity

THREE ACCESSORY ORGANS AND REGULATION OF SECRETIONS

a. Three Accessory Organs

b. Secretions

THE LARGE INTESTINE AND DEFECATION

a. Functions

b. Disorders

NUTRITION AND WEIGHT CONTROL

a. Obesity
b. Classes
c. Minerals
d. Vitamins

e. Nutritious Meals
f. Eating disorders

OVERVIEW OF DIGESTION

The processes of digestion require ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption and elimination. See illustration at left.* All parts of the tract have four layers, the mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis and serosa.

FIRST PART OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

The mouth, the pharynx, and the esophagus are in the first part of the GI tract.

In the mouth, teeth chew the food and saliva contains salivary amylase for digesting starch, and the tongue forms a bolus for swallowing.

The air passage and food passages cross in the pharynx. When swallowing the air passage is blocked off by the soft palate and the epiglottis, food enters esophagus and peristalsis starts. The esophagus moves food to the stomach.

THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

The stomach and small intestine complete the digestion of food.

The stomach expands and stores food, it mixes food with the acidic gastric juices. The duodenum of the small intestine receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. The pancreas produces enzymes that digest starch, protein, and fat. The intestinal enzymes finish the process of chemical digestion. Nutrient molecules are absorbed at the villi in the walls of the small intestine. The nutrients absorbed at the small intestine can affect our health. The intake of too much sugar or fat can result in obesity which can lead to diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

THREE ACCESSORY ORGANS AND REGULATION OF SECRETIONS

The three accessory organs that send secretions to the duodenum via ducts are the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, that has digestive enzymes in it.

The liver produces bile, destroys old blood cells, detoxifies blood, stores iron, makes plasma proteins, stores glucose as glycogen, breaks down glycogen to glucose, produces urea and helps regulate blood cholesterol level.

The gallbladder stores bile. The secretions of digestive juices are controlled by the nervous system and by hormones. Gastrin is produced by the lower stomach. It stimulates upper stomach to secrete pepsin. Secretin and CCK produced by the duodenal wall stimulate the pancreas. This secretes its juices and the tells the gallbladder to release bile.

THE LARGE INTESTINE AND DEFECATION

The large intestine include the cecum, which is the blind end of the large intestine, the rectum and the anal canal.

The large intestine absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins, forms feces and carries out defecation.

Disorders of the large intestine include diverticulosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, polyps and cancer.

NUTRITION AND WEIGHT CONTROL

The nutrients released by the digestive process should provide us with adequate energy, essential amino acids and fatty acids and all necessary vitamins ad minerals.

Obesity is on the rise mainly for poor food choices or eating too much food. Obesity is associated with many illnesses like diabetes 2 and cardiovascular disease.

In this illustration*, it shows what to eat and what to minimize in order to have good health.

There are different classes of nutrients. 1. Carbohydrates, are necessary but simple sugars and refined starches cause a rapid release of insulin the can lead to diabetes type 2.

2. Proteins supply essential amino acids. 3. Lipids - unsaturated fatty acids, omega 3, are protective against cardiovascular disease - saturated fatty acids lead to plaque.

Vitamins and minerals are also required by the body in certain amounts.

Some eating disorders are, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Other abnormal eating practices are binge-eating disorder. Muscle dysmorphia is when one thinks their body is underdeveloped.

Eating healthy is a way to fight many diseases and to make it through our busy lives.

*http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/selfstudy.do?isbn=0072986867

Compendium Review # 1 for unit 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

1. Overview of the Cardiovascular System
a. Functions and circulation

b. Lymphatic system

2. Types of Blood Vessels

a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
3. The Heart is a double pump
a. Passage of blood
b. Heartbeat
c. Electrocardiogram

4. Features of the Cardiovascular System

a. Pulse
b. Blood flow

5. Two Cardiovascular Pathways

a. Pulmonary Circuit
b. Systemic Circuit
6. Exchange at the Capillaries
7. Cardiovascular Disorders
a. Blood vessels
b. Heart

CHAPTER 6

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD
8. Blood: An Overview
a. Functions

b. Composition
9. Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen

a. Carry oxygen
b. Transport carbon dioxide
c. Bone marrow
d. Disorders
10. White Blood Cells and Defense against diseases
a. Types

b. Disorders

11. Platelets and Blood Clotting
a. Clotting
b. Disorders
12. Blood Types and Transfusions

a. blood groups

b. RH groups

13. Homeostasis

CHAPTER 7
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

14. Microbes, Pathogens and You
a. Bacteria
b. Viruses
c. Prions
15. Lymphatic System
a. Vessels
b. Organs
16. Nonspecific Defenses

a. Barriers

b. Inflammatory Response

17. Specific Defenses
a. How defense works
18. Acquired Immunity
a. Active
b. Passive
19. Hypersensitivity Reaction
a. Allergies

b. Tissue Rejections

c. Disorders

AIDS SUPPLEMENT
20. Origin and Prevalence of HIV
21. Phases of HIV Infection
a. Category A
b. Category B

c. Category C

22. HIV Structure and Life Cycle

a. Life Cycle
b. Transmission and Prevention

c. Testing and Treatment

OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR

Functions of the cardiovascular system include contractions of the heart generates blood pressure and moves blood, vessels transport the blood, exchanges at capillaries refreshes blood and tissue fluid, and the heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow. The lymphatic system is of assistance to the cardiovascular system. The lymphatic vessels collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the cardiovascular system.

THE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

The arteries take blood away from the heart, they have the thickest walls, which allows them to withstand blood pressure. Capillaries are where exchange of substances occur. Veins take blood to the heart. Veins have weaker walls with valves that keep blood flowing in one direction. Illustration of the difference of an artery and a vein.*

THE HEART IS A DOUBLE PUMP
The major portion of the heart is the myocardium, which consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue. The pericardium is a thick, membranous sac that supports and protects the heart. The septum is the internal wall that separates the heart into right and left sides. Each side has an atrium (upper chamber) and ventricle (lower chamber). The illustration here shows the external anatomy of the heart.*

The next illustration* shows the internal anatomy of the heart and shows the passage of blood. Oxygen poor blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavas. The right atrium sends blood through the tricusppid valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle sends blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. The trunk, carries oxygen poor blood and divides into two pulmonary arteries, which go to the lungs. Four pulmonary veins, which carry oxygen rich blood to the left atrium, which sens the blood through the bicuspid valve to left ventricle and that sends

blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta to the body. This illustration* helps us "see" the heartbeat. The SA node (pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat, the AV node conveys stimulus to the ventricles, the heart sound "lub-dup" are due to closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed by closing of the semilunar valves.

An elecocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle.

FEATURES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR

The surge of blood entering arteries can be felt as our pulse because of the rhythmic expansion and recoil of an arterial wall.

This illustration* addresses blood pressure. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. The systolic pressure is the highest arterial pressure and the diastolic pressure occurs while the heart ventricles are relaxing. Blood pressure accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries. In the capillaries blood flow is slow and it is where exchange of nutrients and wastes in the tissues occurs. In the veins, blood flow returns to the heart.

TWO CARDIOVASCULAR PATHWAYS

The pulmonary circuit, exchange of gases, blood travels to and from the lungs.

The systemic circuit, exchanges with tissue fluid, the aorta divides into blood vessels that serve the body's organs and cells. As shown in this illustration.*

EXCHANGE AT THE CAPILLARIES

Two forces primarily control movement of fluid through the capillary wall. Blood pressure causes water to move from capillary to tissue fluid. Osmotic pressure tends to cause water to move in the opposite direction. Both of these are shown in the illustration shown here.*

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Western countries.

Hypertension and atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack or aneurysm.

Healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining proper weight, and not smoking help protect against cardiovascular disease.

CHAPTER 6

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD

BLOOD: AN OVERVIEW

The functions of blood are: 1. the transport of oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to cells
2. to transport carbon dioxide, and other wastes from cells 3. to fight infection and has various regulatory functions 4. maintain blood pressure 5. regulates body temperature 6. keeps the pH of body fluids within normal limits. These help maintain homeostasis.
Blood also has 2 components: formed elements and plasma. Formed elements are red and white blood cells and platelets. Plasma is 91% water. Its proteins, produced by the liver, maintain osmotic pressure, help regulate pH and transport molecules. For example some functions of the plasma are to transport immunity and blood clotting.

RED BLOOD CELLS AND TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN

The illustration to the left show the structure of red blood cells.*

Red blood cell production is controlled by the oxygen concentration of the blood. When oxygen decreases, the kidneys increase their production of erythropoietin, and more red blood cells are produced. These are produced in the bone marrow.

Blood doping is any method of increasing the normal supply of RBC'S for the purpose of delivering oxygen more efficiently, reducing fatigue, and giving athletes a competitive edge.
Disorders involving red blood cells include anemia, hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells), sickle cell disease, hemolytic disease of the newborn.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE

White blood cells are classified into granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes. Some of these have noticeable granules and some do not have noticeable granules.

Granular leukocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Neutrophils account for 50-70% of white blood cells. Neutrophils are abundant and respond first to infections. They phagocytize pathogens. See illustration to left.*

These increase in number in the event of parasitic infection or an allergic reaction.
See illustration.*

The basophil releases histamine associated with allergic reactions. Histamine dilates blood vessels, but constricts the air tubes that lead to the lungs. Like during an asthma attack.

Agranular leukocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Monocytes are the largest of white blood cells. They can become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris. See illustration.*

Lymphocytes are responsible for specific immunity. See illustration.*

All blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow from stem cells. These cells live about 120 days and are eventually destroyed in the spleen and liver.

PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTING

Platelets are a result from fragmentation megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow. Platelets function in blood clotting. Platelets are produced at a rate of 200 billion a day.



Platelets and two plasma proteins, function in blood clotting, an enzymatic process that results in fibrin threads, which trap red blood cells.

Disorders relating to blood clotting are hemophilia and thrombocytopenia.

BLOOD TYPING AND TRANSFUSIONS

Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from one individual to another.

Blood typing involves determining the ABO blood group and whether the person is Rh- or Rh+

Type A blood is type A surface antigens, plasma has anti B antibodies.

Type B blood is type B surface antigens, plasma has anti A antibodies.
Type AB blood is both type A and type B surface antigens, plasma has neither anti A nor anti B antibodies.
Type O blood is neither type A nor type B surface antigens, plasma has neither anti A nor anti B antibodies.

Agglutination occurs if the corresponding antigen and antibody are put together.

RH antigen must also be considered when transfusing blood. It is very important during pregnancy because an Rh- mother may form antibodies to the Rh antigen while carrying or after the birth of an Rh+ child. These antibodies can cross the placenta to destroy the red blood cells of any subsequent Rh+ child.

HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis depends upon the cardiovascular system because it serves the needs of the cells. Several other boy systems are also critcal to cardiovascular systems function: 1. digestive system supplies nutrients 2. respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood 3. nervous and endocrine systems are involved in maintaining blood pressure 4. lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the veins 5. Skeletal muscle contraction and breathing movements propel blood in the veins.

CHAPTER 7

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

MICROBES, PATHOGENS, AND YOU

Microbes perform valuable services, but they also cause disease.

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that live and reproduce independently of host cells and cause disease by multiplying in hosts and also by producing toxins.

Viruses are noncellular particles, consisting of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core, take over the machinery of the host in order to reproduce and can emerge and cause new diseases the human body has difficulty combating.

Prions, proteinaceous infectious particles, cause a group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system, also called wasting diseases. A common example is mad cow disease. However, the incidence of prion diseases in humans is very low.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and lymph organs. Lymph vessels form a one way system, capillaries, vessels and ducts that take lymph to cardiovascular veins in shoulders. Lymph is usually a colorless liquid that is secreted by cells.

Primary lymphatic organs are: red bone marrow, thymus gland.

Seconday lymphatic organs are the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsiles, peyers patches and the appendix. Blood is cleansed of pathogens and debris in the spleen.

Lymph is cleansed of pathogens and debris in the nodes.

NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES

Immunity involves nonspecific and specific defense. Non specific are 1. barriers to entry, skin and mucous membranes. 2. Chemical barriers, secretion of sebaceous glands, perspriation, saliva and tears. 3. Resident bacteria, normal flora found in mouth, intestine and other areas.

Inflammatory reaction involves phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages and protective proteins.
See illustration.*

SPECIFIC DEFENSES

Specific defenses require B cells and T cells. See illustration.*

B cells undergo clonal selection with production of plasma cells and memory B cells, after, their B cell receptor combines with a specific antigen. Plasma cells secrete antibodies and eventually undergo apoptosis. Apoptosis is programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell. Antibodies are Y shaped molecules that have two binding sites for a specific antigen. Memory B cells remain in the body and produce antibodies if the smae antigen enteres the body at a later date. See Illustration.*

For a T cell to recognize an antigen, the antigen must be presesented by an antigen presenting macrophage, along with an HLA(human leukocyte antigen) Once T cells are actevited they undergo clonal expansion until the inllness has ben stemmed. Then they to undergo apoptosis. A few will remain as memory T cells.

The two main types of T cells are cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Cytotoxic T cells kill virus infected cells or cancer cells on contact because they bear a nonself protein. Helper T cells produce cytokines and stimulate other immune cells.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Active immunity can be induced by vaccines and also depends upon the presence of memory cells in the body. Passive immunity is needed when an individual is in immediate danger of succumbing an infectious disease. Passive immunity is short lived. Monoclonal antibodies have various functions from detecting infections to treating cancer. Cytokines are a form of passive immunity used to treat AIDS and to promote the boldy's ability to recover from cnacer.

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Allergic responses occur when the immune system reacts vigorously to substances not mormally recongnixzed as foreign. Immediate allergic responses are due to the activity of antibodies. Delayed allergic respinses are due to the activity of T cells.

Tissuse rejection happens when the immune system recognixes a tissue as being foreign.

Autoimmune siorders occur when the immune system reacts to tissues or organs of the individual as if they were foreign

AIDS SUPPLEMENT

ORIGIN AND PREVALENCE OF HIV

Acquired immunideficiency syndrome (AIDS) is cause by a virus known as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are two main types of HIV, HIV-1, HIV-2. HIV-1 is the most widespread.

AIDS is a pandemic because the disease is prevalent in the entire human population aroun the globe.

PHASES OF AN HIV INFECTION

Category A: Acute Phase - in this phase a person has no apparent symptoms, is highly infectious and has a CD4 T cell count that hs\as never fallen below 500 cells per mm3 of blood. During first few weeks of infections some people develop flulike symptoms.

Category B: Chronic Phase - A person in this category would have a CD4 count between 499 and 200 cells per mm3. Some symptoms could be yeast infections, prolonged diarrhea, thick sores on the tongue or shingles.

Category C: AIDS - A person in this category is diagnosed with AIDS. CD4 count falls below 200 cell per mm3, or has developed oe or more of the 25 AIDS defining illnesses. Like: pnewmocystis jiroveci pneumonia, fungal infection of the lungs. Mycobacteruim tuberculosis, bacterial infection nodes or lungs. Toxoplasmic encephalitis, a protozoan parasitic infection, often seen in the brain. Kaposi's sarcoma, canceer of the blood vessels. Invasive cervical cancer.

Death usually follows in tew to four years after AIDS diagnosis.

HIV STRUCTURE AND LIVE CYCLE

The life cycle of an HIV virus includes transmission to a new host.

TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF HIV

HIV is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person. Also, neddle sharing amon intravenous drug users. A less common mode is through blood transfusions of infected blood.

HIV TESTING AND TREATMENT FOR HIV

There is not a specific test for the HIV, instead the test is done to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in the body.

There is no cure for AIDS, but a treatment called highly active antiretroviral therapy is usually able to stop HIV replication to such an extent that the viral load becomes undetectable.

There are no real vaccines yet as of today. In 2006 26 vacines were undergoing human trials around the world. None of these would be a cure, the vaccine would be a preventive measure that helps people who are not yet infected escape infection or slow down the progression of the disease upon future infection. No results from these tests will be done until about the year 2010.